The aim is to closely identify different value chain actors’ distinct roles of the and to explore their linkages. To understand the landscape of the wheat sector in Sudan, this report relies on rapid assessment surveys of the main wheat value chain actors. The domestic (locally produced) wheat value chain involves four main actors: wheat producers, wheat grain wholesalers, wheat grain retailers, and consumers. The imported wheat value chain involves three major actors: milling companies, wheat flour agents, and bakeries. Sudan has two distinct wheat value chains: one for imported wheat and one for domestic wheat. Most interventions have focused on and aimed to (i) stimulate domestic production, (ii) ensure a reliable flow of wheat imports to compensate for low domestic wheat production, and (iii) monitor wheat flour and bread distribution processes to limit leakage and wastage. With the objective of ensuring sufficient grain supplies for domestic consumption, Sudan’s domestic and imported wheat sectors have been subject to several government interventions over the last decades.

Disruptions in Sudan’s wheat value chain usually leads to shortages of wheat bread, price spikes, and political unrest. We complement the theoretical concepts and applications covered by large lists of free or open-source software implementations and publicly-available databases.Wheat is a strategic and political good in Sudan and has played a central role in the country’s economy during successive regimes. We offer cross-references to allow the readers to navigate through the various topics. Given its encyclopedic nature, the intended mode of reading is non-linear. However, we wish that our encyclopedic presentation will offer a point of reference for the rich work that has been undertaken over the last decades, with some key insights for the future of forecasting theory and practice. We do not claim that this review is an exhaustive list of methods and applications.

We then demonstrate how such theoretical concepts are applied in a variety of real-life contexts. We provide an overview of a wide range of theoretical, state-of-the-art models, methods, principles, and approaches to prepare, produce, organise, and evaluate forecasts. This article provides a non-systematic review of the theory and the practice of forecasting.

The large number of forecasting applications calls for a diverse set of forecasting methods to tackle real-life challenges.

The uncertainty that surrounds the future is both exciting and challenging, with individuals and organisations seeking to minimise risks and maximise utilities. Forecasting has always been at the forefront of decision making and planning.

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